Tim & Beverly LaHaye

General Teachings/Activities

Tim LaHaye is the founder and director of the psychologically-oriented Family Life Seminars, Inc., now headquartered in Arlington, Texas (originally in Washington, D.C.) (for seventeen years Beverly LaHaye was a co-speaker with Tim for Family Life Seminars; they conducted over 350 of more than 1,000 seminars together), and is the author of more than 40 books (over 10 million copies in print) on such topics as family life, temperaments, and prophecy. He has an earned doctorate degree from Western Baptist Seminary, Portland, Oregon. Among his books is the psychologically-oriented The Act of Marriage, co-written with Beverly, which has sold more than 2.5 million copies since it was first printed in 1976.

Click Here to hear what a former participant in their seminars has to say about them

In 1958, the LaHayes moved to San Diego where Tim became pastor of Scott Memorial Church, a position he held for almost 25 years. During that time he also started a Christian school that developed into a 10-school system, and Christian Heritage College (founded with Henry Morris of the Institute for Creation Research) in nearby El Cajon. Tim LaHaye left the pulpit in 1981 in order to devote more time to politics and to writing. One of his most popular writing projects has been the best-selling Left Behind series of novels, written with collaborator Jerry Jenkins (see review later in this report). He has also written so-called Bible commentaries such as Revelation, Illustrated and Made Plain; How to Study Bible Prophecy for Yourself; and No Fear of the Storm: Why Christians Will Escape the Tribulation.

"Protecting the rights of the family through prayer and action." Beverly LaHaye is Tim LaHaye's wife. Both are alumni of Bob Jones University. Together they have written such Christian bestsellers as The Act of Marriage and, most recently, A Nation without a Conscience.  Concerned Women for America, headed by LaHaye, is a leading religious right organization.  The group has long opposed abortion and women's rights, being originally formed to fight against the Equal Rights Amendment, and has recently become much more vocally opposed to equal rights for lesbians and gay people, and to the National Education Association, for it's support for a Gay-Lesbian-Bisexual History Month.  Concerned Women for America has also recently taken a decidedly nativist turn in their pronouncements, opposing much United Nations involvement by the United States, and several United Nations conferences on the rights of women and children.  CWA dispenses "Action Kits to Help You Fight the Gay Lobby," and promotes such sentiments as "[Since] the ranks of the homosexual lobby have been decimated by AIDS... now is the optimum time to resist, and even roll back, Gay-Rights' laws." A $15.00 membership fee includes a subscription to the CWA newsletter, Family Voice. Men and organizations may join.. The LaHayes currently live in California.

A major deception in the church today is the so-called spiritual application of pseudo-psychological temperament theory for individual personality assessment, which, in actuality, are psycho babble. (The "temperament" can be defined as the unique mental and emotional disposition identifiable as the personality.) The study of the temperaments, which are man-centered, self-oriented, and psycho-humanistic, are being offered to the unwitting as a sophisticated, almost magical way to understand our deepest natures and our personality types. In actuality, Christians could be unknowingly lured into spending a lot of money for a fake science.

Tim LaHaye is the leading so-called evangelical today peddling the temperaments as Christian, and is largely responsible for popularizing its teachings in the Church. LaHaye has the following books out on the subject (as well as having developed his own personality measurement instrument -- the LaHaye Temperament Analysis [LTA]): Spirit-Controlled Temperament (1966);Transformed Temperaments (1971); Understanding the Male Temperament (1977);Why You Act the Way You Do (1984). Beverly LaHaye also has written books on the temperaments: The Spirit-Controlled Woman (1976/1996) and How To Develop Your Child's Temperament (1977). (Must reading for anyone desiring a fuller understanding of LaHaye's teachings on the temperaments would be Four Temperaments, Astrology & Personality Testing [pp. 49-66], by Martin and Deidre Bobgan, EastGate Publishers, Santa Barbara, CA, 1992, 213 pages.

Left Behind, by Tim LaHaye and Jerry Jenkins, is the first of six novels (with more to come) dealing with the end times (the other two in the original trilogy are Tribulation Force and Nicolae). LaHaye says that Left Behind is "the first fictional portrayal of events that are true to the literal interpretation of Bible prophecy. It was written for anyone who loves gripping fiction featuring believable characters, a dynamic plot that also weaves prophetic events in a fascinating story." The story begins on the day that the Rapture takes place and concludes just as the Antichrist is about to assume power over the world. The story, however, is wrapped around the lives of a handful of individuals who come face to face with the fact that the Rapture has occurred. Will they come to Christ, or be taken in by the false explanations for the disappearance of millions throughout the world. And if they come to the Lord, what will it cost them?

As fiction goes, it is relatively faithful to Scripture (at least in contrast to the fiction of Frank Peretti). Nevertheless, LaHaye's ecumenical nature comes through as does his psychological leanings. One comment even implies that Mother Teresa was raptured!   This is even more odd given the fact the book is supposed to be set several decades in the future and Mother Teresa was nearing death when the book was written (and has since died).  But more importantly, one would think that LaHaye and Jenkins would recognize that Mother Teresa never received Christ by faith alone.  She always clung to the works-salvation of the Roman Catholic Church.  Worse yet, LaHaye has the Pope being raptured with the church!   So with this series, LaHaye and Jenkins help Chuck Colson, Billy Graham, Charles Stanley further blur the clear line of demarcation between true Christianity and apostate Christianity.

Beverly LaHaye has endorsed Rapha Hospital Treatment Centers of Houston, Texas (along with other so-called evangelicals as Jerry Falwell, Charles Stanley, and D. James Kennedy). Rapha is an organization that heavily promotes Alcoholics Anonymous, 12-Step codependency/recovery programs as a "Christian" methodology for the cure of "dysfunctional" relationships. Rapha specializes in the "treatment" of so-called codependent and/or addicted Christians by employing an amalgamation of Adlerian-Maslowian need psychology and the Bible. Rapha debuted in 1986 and claims to have treated over 20,000 psychiatric in-patients since then. As of 1996, Rapha operated 120 hospital beds in twelve psychiatric units with an annual income of more than $12 million. It currently operates more than 60 programs. Rapha also claims that over 3,500 churches in the U.S. are using its materials. LaHaye is quoted as saying that, "I am confident that the Rapha Hospital Treatment Centers are a gift of God for our generation. I am pleased to be able to recommend the Rapha program everywhere." (Must reading for anyone desiring a fuller understanding of the "codependent" heresy sweeping the church today would be 12 Steps to Destruction: Codependency/Recovery Heresies, by Martin and Deidre Bobgan, EastGate Publishers, Santa Barbara, CA, 1991, 247 pages.)

Promise Keepers is the gigantic new (1991) "men's movement" among professing evangelical Christians.   PK's contradictory  promotion of secular psychology; its unscriptural feminizing of men; its depiction of Jesus as a "phallic messiah" tempted to perform homosexual acts; and its ecumenical and unbiblical teachings should dissuade any true Christian from participating. Promise Keepers is proving to be one of the most misleading movements in the annals of Christian history. Nevertheless, Tim LaHaye is a promoter of this ecumenical, charismatic, psychologized men's movement as evidenced by his writing numerous daily "devotionals" for publication in PK's bi-monthly Men of Integrity ("your daily guide to the Bible and prayer").

Tim LaHaye formed the Pre-Trib Research Center (PTRC) in 1994 (originally headquartered in Family Life Seminar's Washington, D.C. offices, but moved to Arlington, Texas in the late-1990s), and was made up of a "large group of prophetic Bible scholars given a sacred task of joining with others in proclaiming, teaching, defending, and applying the doctrine of the Pretribulational Rapture of the Church." PTRC claims to have brought "together such a group of like-minded prophetic scholars, communicators, and authors to defend this very important biblical truth." PTRC claims 70 members who hold the Pre-Trib position and have signed PTRC's doctrinal statement. Even if one assumes that the stated purpose of the PTRC is a worthy one, PTRC's hodgepodge of psychologizers, and prophecy hyper-speculators (listed as members on PTRC's letterhead) would most certainly disqualify it as an organization of "like-minded scholars" in Biblical unity (e.g., "like-minded prophetic scholars" include Ed Hindson, Kay Arthur, John Ankerberg, Chuck Missler, Martin DeHaan II, David Jeremiah, Grant Jeffrey, Peter LaLonde, David Reagan, Jerry Vines, Adrian Rogers, Zane Hodges, Robert Lightner, Thomas McCall, J. Dwight Pentecost, Charles Ryrie, John Walvoord, Stanley Toussaint, Zola Levitt, Hal Lindsey, David Noebel, Richard Mayhue, John Sproule, and Elmer Towns).

Dr. Bill Jackson, preident of the Association of Fundamentalists Evangelizing Catholics (AFEC), prepared a 6/18/99 statement on "The Gospel of Jesus Christ--An Evangelical Celebration" (EC) (see the 6/14/99 Christianity Today for the full text of the EC). This document has been endorsed by Charles Colson, Bill Bright, and J.I. Packer, all of whom also signed the controversial ECT documents of 1994 and 1997; as well as endorsed by R.C. Sproul, John MacArthur and D. James Kennedy, all of whom publicly [albeit weakly] challenged and criticized them for signing the ECT documents. There are a number of helpful statements in this latest document which deal with areas which were not fully dealt with in the ECT documents (e.g., imputation is now dealt with favorably, but has been consistently opposed by Roman Catholic Councils and Catechisms). EC says, "We cannot embrace any form of doctrinal indifferentism by which God's truth is sacrificed for a false peace." But there is certainly no better example of "doctrinal indifferentism" than the ECT documents themselves (James 1:8)! Because ECT I stated that "Evangelicals and Catholics are brothers and sisters in Christ," in order to be relevant the new EC document should be submitted to the Roman Catholics who signed ECT I and II. It is difficult to see how a person could subscribe to both ECT and EC. The only logical conclusion is for all who signed EC to remove their names from ECT. It also appears that the so-called "evangelical" ECT endorsers have been "let off the hook" by former critics. We believe EC will be used to rehabilitate those who erred in 1994 and 1997, without their having to admit or ask forgiveness for their error. (Source: 7/15/99, Calvary Contender.) [Other "evangelical" endorsers of EC among the 15 members of the Drafting Committee and 114 members of the Endorsing Committee include John Ankerberg, Kay Arthur, Tony Evans, Jerry Falwell, Bill Hybels, David Jeremiah, Max Lucado, Woodrow Kroll, Tim & Beverly LaHaye, Erwin Lutzer, Bill McCartney, Luis Palau, Pat Robertson, Ronald Sider, Charles Stanley, John Stott, Joseph Stowell, Chuck Swindoll, and Ravi Zacharias; also endorsing EC were hyper-charismatics Jack Hayford, Steven Strang, and Bruce Wilkinson.]

Tim LaHaye was one of the original founders (along with Jerry Falwell and other neo-evangelicals) of the Moral Majority (now succeeded by the Liberty Federation), which is one of the classic examples of "the good cause syndrome" -- the persuasion that Christians can cross Scriptural lines of demarcation if the cause is good enough. (In actuality, the Moral Majority joined believer and unbeliever, Mormon and Methodist, Catholic and charismatic in an unholy union to save the country. But rather than the country being saved, the cause of freedom of religion was damaged. The line of demarcation between the godly and the "do-gooder" was blurred beyond recognition. And ultimately the Moral Majority became a money making scheme promoted by Jerry Falwell and Tim Lahaye) [Reported in New Neutralism II, pp. 70-71.]

Both Tim and Beverly LaHaye have a long history of extreme Christian Right political activities. Tim has been the president of Moral Majority of California and a board member of the national Moral Majority.  As the head of the American Coalition for Traditional Values, LaHaye yoked together with such "distinguished Christian leaders" (his own words in 1984) as Demos Shakarian, radical charismatic head of the Full Gospel Business Men's Fellowship International; United Methodist pastor and head of the activist American Family Association, Don Wildmon; Jim Bakker of the PTL Club; Kenneth Copeland; Rex Humbard; Robert Tilton; Thomas Zimmerman, then head of the Assemblies of God; Paul Crouch, radical head of the blasphemous Trinity Broadcasting Network; and Jimmy Swaggart. These men are unsound in their ethical thinking and three have since been disgraced through their moral and financial corruption. For LaHaye to be the leader of this unholy, mixed multitude is wickedness.

Beverly LaHaye is also a member of the highly ecumenical National Religious Broadcasters (NRB), which is an arm of the neo-evangelical (and increasingly charismatic) National Association of Evangelicals (NAE). At the NRB's 53rd Annual Convention in Indianapolis in February of 1996, Beverly LaHaye (through her CWA organization) sponsored the Anniversary Banquet, which was a black-tie event at $50 per ticket. She also spoke at the Women's Luncheon at the 1997 NRB Convention.

Beverly LaHaye is a Southern Baptist by profession. She recently took part in an ecumenical Bible commentary publishing effort by 22 Southern Baptist women and 80 women from other denominations. Some of the other unbiblical women in the project include Vonette Bright (wife of Campus Crusade's Bill Bright), Shirley Dobson (wife of Focus on the Family's James Dobson), Karen Mains, and Jill Briscoe. The Women's Study Bible is purported to focus on women's ideas and concerns. (Reported in the 11/1/95, Calvary Contender.)

Tim LaHaye was featured speaker at the Jesus Northwest festival in 7/92 at an Asswmblies of God church in Salem, Oregon. Other speakers included notorious liberal Tony Campolo, Mike Warnke, Frank Peretti, Ed Underwood (from Walk Thru' The Bible), and over a dozen "Christian" rock/rap groups (including Petra, DC Talk, etc.). (Reported in the 3/1/92, Calvary Contender.)

Tim LaHaye is a member of COR (Coalition on Revival), a Reconstructionist/Dominionist organization dedicated to a social gospel/activism agenda that proposes to impose Biblical standards (e.g., Old Testament law) on unbelieving peoples and institutions. Although no longer a Steering Committee member of COR, LaHaye does give the following strong endorsement:

"I commend the work of COR and its efforts to unite pastors and parachurch leaders to bring revival to their churches and reformation to their societies."

Beverly LaHaye resigned from COR in 1989, but stated in a 12/89 letter that husband Tim was remaining "on the board of the Coalition ... using this position in hopes of influencing them" (cf. 1 Cor. 15:33)! [In a personal letter dated 6/3/93, Tim LaHaye claimed to have resigned from COR "four or more years ago" -- yet, as of early-1990, his name was still on COR's letterhead as a Steering Committee member.] As an indication of what the people affiliated with COR believe, the following is from a brochure announcing the 12th Annual Northwest Conference for Christian Reconstruction. Does not the following sound like a different gospel? (All emphases added):

"The Christian Reconstruction movement believes that the Bible contains not only a message of personal salvation through the blood of Christ shed on the cross, but also a comprehensive law structure which is alone able to provide a just basis for society. It is committed to the view that sovereignty and thus government belong to God, and that all delegated government, whether to family, church or state (civil government), is to be exercised in obedience to the law of God's covenant. Furthermore, salvation involves every aspect of man's life and thus also the relationships he sustains to the world around him. The exercise of dominion in accordance with the terms of God's covenant is therefore basic and vital to the Christian faith. To neglect this is to deprecate the extent of Christ's victory at Calvary. "

(For further details of COR's unbiblical strategy for "taking the world for Christ," see COR' documents titled A Manifesto for the Christian Church,Forty-two Articles of the Essentials of a Christian World View, and Twenty-five Articles on the Kingdom of God -- P.O. Box A, Sunnyvale, CA 94087.)

The extent to which men like Tim LaHaye will go in furthering the Religious Right's political agenda is truly amazing. LaHaye held the position of paid chairman with Sun Myung Moon's now defunct Coalition for Religious Freedom (CRF). (Moon is the founder of the Unification Church, and is the self-proclaimed Messiah to the world. He teaches the philosophy that not only did Jesus fail in His earthly ministry, but that He had sex with the women who followed Him.) (Reported in the November 1990 Omega-Letter and the 1Q96, Religion in Politics.)

In June, 1985, CRF held several rallies, one of which was in Washington, D.C. There LaHaye urged the over 300 men and women present to support Moon by voluntarily going to jail with him for a week if allowed to do so by authorities. "Not that I agree with his doctrine," said LaHaye. "Not that I agree with what he teaches, because many of us don't know what he teaches. We have only read about it in the paper and you know how much we can trust the papers." (Evidently LaHaye is unaware of the many books and research papers made available by cult investigators. Certainly the newspapers aren't the only source of information.) Other so-called evangelicals that served with LaHaye at CRF as executive committee and/or advisory board members were Don Wildmon (founder and president of the social activist American Family Association), Marlin Maddoux (Point Of View nationwide radio talk show host), Paul Crouch (TBN Network's infamous founder), Hal Lindsey, James Robison, Jimmy Swaggart, and D. James Kennedy (author and pastor of Coral Ridge Presbyterian Church in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida) -- an agenda of religious right activism certainly makes for strange ecumenical bedfellows. [In a personal letter dated 6/3/93, LaHaye claims to have never received any pay for his stint as CRF's "temporary chairman for a month and a half." LaHaye seems to be saying, "It's okay to serve on the Board of an apostate organization as long as you don't accept pay for it."]

LaHaye's involvement with Moon is particularly vile. In 1985, Carolyn Weaver, writing for Mother Jones Magazine, exposed the fact that LaHaye had received substantial funds from Moon's aid Bo Hi Park. This was discovered in a tape of a dictated thank you letter from LaHaye, thanking Park for a contribution in excess of $500,000. LaHaye would not admit or deny the receipt of the contribution, instead he attacked the source of the information. (Reported in the 1Q96, Religion in Politics.)

Moon held a Washington Family Federation for World Peace conference in late-1996 that attracted a gaggle of famous "evangelical" speakers, including Christian Coalition executive director Ralph Reed (now a political consultant), Family Research Council president Gary Bauer (ex-presidential candidate), and Concerned Women for America president Beverly LaHaye. Moon and his fourth wife also addressed the conference, which attracted 1,500 participants from around the globe. When asked in a personal letter why she would speak to a Moonie front group, Mrs. LaHaye responded that she found out only a few days before the event that it was a Moon-sponsored event, but that "it was too late to back out [so] I decided I would have to see it through and use it as an opportunity to share the true Word of God ..." She also claimed that both Bauer and Reed were caught in the same dilemma. "So the three of us tried to be a true witness for Christ in this event."

Beverly LaHaye's "explanation" for speaking at the gathering does not stand up to scrutiny. The LaHayes have had a relationship with the Moonies for years (see above); they are very well aware of all the Moonie front groups, including the Family Federation for World Peace. But let's assume she is telling the truth in her letter, and really was ignorant of the group to which she was going to speak. But she admits she became aware of it "a few days before the event," so why couldn't she cancel? Why was it "too late to back out"? Even so, in what way did she use her appearance "as an opportunity to share the true Word of God and God's standard for the family marriage"? Did she specifically address the fact that the Moonies are a blasphemous cult and an abomination before a holy God? Hardly. In every account of her remarks that have been made public, she makes not one reference to the gospel.

LaHaye also remarks that Gary Bauer and Ralph Reed "were caught in the same dilemma." Not according to Reed. When asked why the Christian Coalition chose to associate with Moon, spokesman Mike Russell said, "They're working to strengthen the family and so are we. Ralph doesn't agree with every organization he speaks to." Nor according to Bauer; Bauer said, "I don't see why Christians should censor themselves out of any forum in which our perspectives can be heard." At least these two ecumenists are willing to tell the truth. From their statements, you can see that neither Reed or Bauer make any claim of being ignorant of the Moonie sponsorship of the event. Why was Beverly LaHaye such a dupe when the others were so knowledgeable? The fact is, Beverly LaHaye was caught with her hand in the cookie jar, and now she's making excuses like a 2-year old -- "Momma, I didn't know there cookies in there until five minutes ago, and then it was too late to back out." (Moon has been known to draw speakers with honorariums exceeding $100,000; perhaps that is why "it was too late to back out.")

The Council for National Policy (CNP), founded in 1981 by Tim LaHaye, is a conservative "educational foundation." Its purpose, according to those few in the organization who will discuss it, is to bring together top religious far right conservative leaders from across the country and allow them to hear conservative speakers give their perspective on various issues of the day. It is an educational organization which "provides an opportunity to interact, exchange information, educate on critical issues, and redistribute information to the public" (Art Kelly, Vice President CNP Action, Inc., 12/7/93). But is there more to the CNP than it appears?  Click Here to see the CNP Page

Meetings of the CNP are closed to the public and the media. Membership is confidential. Membership is by invitation only, "one member invites another member," Kelly said. "The membership dues are $2,000 per year for regular memberships and $5,000 per year for members of the 'Board of Governors.' The CNP, and CNP Action, Inc., charge separate dues, although many hold dual membership."

James Dobson has been a member of the CNP for at least ten years, as has Marlin Maddoux, D. James Kennedy, Bill Bright, and the Christian Coalition's Pat Robertson. CNP conference speakers typically call for conservative political action, policy making, or self-betterment of some sort.

Apparently, activism runs in the family -- Beverly LaHaye is founder and president of Concerned Women for America (1979), an ecumenical social activism organization for professing Christian women (CWA has in the past featured Roman Catholic and charismatic speakers), touted to be the "nation's largest women's organization" (over 600,000 members). Mirabella magazine (2/93 edition) said Beverly LaHaye "has surpassed Phyllis Schlafly in importance and continues to gain an audience through a monthly magazine [Family Voice], video tapes, and a syndicated call-in radio show [Beverly LaHaye Live (weekdays) and This Week With Beverly LaHaye (weekend) -- founded in 1988 and now heard on approximately 100 "Christian" stations, reaching over 750,000 listeners], all financed by CWA's $10 million annual budget ... Beverly LaHaye Live was named the National Religious Broadcaster's Talk Show of the Year" for 1993 for exhibiting "outstanding achievement in stimulating and leading the discussion of moral, political, social and religious issues relevant to the Christian community." (Reported in Tim LaHaye's 5/93, Capital Report.). CWA employs a paid staff of 33, including legislative specialists and field operatives. Beverly LaHaye has also authored two women's books, Who But a Woman and The Restless Woman. [Corporations helping to bankroll CWA include: Pepsico, Levi Strauss, Avon, American Express, Sun Company, United Bank of Denver, and GEICO. (Reported in the 1Q96, Religion in Politics. )]

Even Beverly LaHaye's entanglement with the Coors Brewing Company proved to be embarrassing.  LaHaye's CWA has long accepted Coors' money, which has hindered the CWA from tackling alcohol-related issues. [Alcohol is the nation's number one "drug problem," accounting for over $100 billion in economic costs and 105,000 deaths each year [8/17/92, Christianity Today. )] (Reported in the 9/15/96, Calvary Contender. )

Beverly LaHaye is also a supporter and signator of the (now defunct) Williamsburg Charter Foundation (WCF), an ecumenical amalgamation of professing Christians, humanists, atheists, New Agers, Eastern religionists, etc., whose stated goal was religious pluralism and tolerance in education, but all the while promoting a new one-world Christian Religious Right religion. Other "evangelical" signators and/or supporters with Beverly LaHaye were James Dobson, Chuck Colson, and Billy Graham. [WCF no longer exists, but the curriculum has been passed on to a "new" organization, "The First Liberty Institute," an organization headed up by New Ager Dr. Charles C. Haynes. (First Liberty at George Mason University was originally designated as "national teacher training and outreach center" for the Williamsburg Charter Foundation.)]

Tim and Beverly LaHaye also appear to have also thrown-in with the charismatic fasting and revival crowd. Bill Bright, head of Campus Crusade for Christ, fasted 40 days during the summer of 1994, during which he claims to have received a "prophecy from God" that a mighty revival is coming. He then issued a call for hundreds of liberals, charismatics, and new-evangelicals to gather in Orlando 12/5/94-12/7/94 to fast and pray for revival. An Invitation Committee made up of a hodgepodge of 72 liberals, new evangelicals, and charismatics was formed. Included were: Robert Schuller, Charles Colson, E.V. Hill, Jack Hayford, James Dobson, W.A. Criswell, Charles Stanley, Paul Crouch, Luis Palau, Bill Gothard, Pat Robertson, Kay Arthur, and Larry Burkett. Bright cites "a great sense of urgency to link arms and unitedly call upon God for help in the spirit of King Jehoshaphat (2 Chr. 20)." [This ecumenical "linking" is in the "spirit of Jehoshaphat" indeed, but the Jehoshaphat of 2 Chr. 18 (instead of 2 Chr. 20) where he "linked" with wicked King Ahab and incurred the wrath of God. (Reported in the 11/15/94, Calvary Contender. )] (Mission America is the umbrella under which these ecumenists gather, which includes the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association and Campus Crusade for Christ, along with many other church and parachurch organizations. It is a program of Religious Right evangelism as practiced by these groups. The philosophy that seems to supersede others is THE END JUSTIFIES THE MEANS. This "Christian" form of pragmatism sets aside Biblical truth so that cooperation can be established [Ralph Colas 1996 Prayer & Fasting conference report].)